Saturday, July 28, 2007

All about music production the Beatles' way

Recording the Beatles: The Studio Equipments and Techniques Used to CreateTheir Classic Albums.

One of the most valuable lesson I had ever got during my days as a student in audio school was music production class. At the start of the semester, I kept thinking this class was a waste of my time, I rather spend those inside a studio sweating over the SSL or the Neve VR compressing something or eq'ing the drum track to death.
Our instructor was a former engineer himself with track records from the Doobie Brothers, Alman Brothers, Ted Nugent, etc, an old hard drinking hippy who swear by analog tape and will kill any student who utter the word Protools to him.

As a young student, I was all about the digital realm and can't wait to get my hand on the next trendy 'cracked' DAW softwares which were passed around like free mint candy at school.

Dave was my music production history class instructor. All Dave does each day at class was blasting the Beatles, Rolling Stones, Janis Joplin, Coltran, Mile Davis, etc...as he lectured the class over the loud back ground music. The things I learned about his class was the appreciation for good music...more like the true sense of what involve in making good music, outside the technical bullshits and the gears. He taught us everything from how mr. Gordon of Motown used to nailed down, seriously, every single instrument to the floor of the studio and microphone stands dead on the spot and left it that way for years, to make sure that Motown sound will be consistence the same for every albums, how Tom Dowd would approach recording Cream to end up producing the legendary Ray Charles, and how simple it was to record the drum for Led Zeppelin...it was all Bonzo's (John Bohnam's nick name) doing. Did you know Ray Charles, blind as a bat, recorded his own demo at home with a 24 channels analog mixer with an 2" analog tape deck? Yeah, he does it himself with ease...Dave told me about it and years later, I saw the document film on Ray Charles, a must see by the way, showed he was doing it on camera with ease. F**k yeah!

My brain waves and cell, what left of it started to open up beyond the expensive gears, the tube microphones, the compressors in the studio and into the world of music production. I took every chance I got after that to talk to Dave to pick his brain, I had this hunger for how different producer, engineers, and artists approach of creating that wonderful music. One of Dave's favorite topic was how the Beatles and the Beach Boys approach making record. Mind you, I was now blown away by Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart Club Band and Pet Sound.
At the time of student years, Protools had just launch its first flag ship system, the Studio 8 which was the talk of the town. By the time I was the senior school, the Mix Plus system from Digidesign was borned and all of us were looking forward to attend class at Digidesign's head quarter itself in Daly City, Ca.
I can still remember the last time I saw Dave, he shook my hand goodbye and told me, "...Duy, with the digital age coming up and how convenience it is to manipulate and to edit sound in a computer. Do not let that get into your head, do not become a great manipulator or editor in the studio. Learn to become a good musical audio engineer." At the time I was not fully understand what Dave meant, but as time gone by and I began to rely more and more on my editing and manipulating skill to fix drum tracks, vocal pitch, and making the guitar sound big...I completely forgot how to CAPTURE MUSIC and the true lost art of music production.
Now these days, thing had changed, if I can help it, I will hold a production time and tell the bass player to go home and practice to get his lines right, the vocalist who can really hit that note, or the drummer who finally find his steady tempo than reach for the magic software wand which can solve it in a second. The artists who toughed it out with me at the end all admit that they had become a better musician and more confident on stage after our recording session.
Ok enough about my bullshit, for years I made it a mission to find out what exactly the microphones and the gears used in all Beatles record, that was easy to find out but the music production part...now that is hard. But no more, thank god there is way to find out and I tell you, it is a wealth of knowledges.

Never before has there been such an absolutely thorough and definitive look at how the Beatles' albums were recorded. Years of research and extensive interviews with the group's former engineers and technicians shed new light on those classic sessions. With a detailed look at every piece of studio gear used, full explanations of effects and recording processes, and an inside look at how specific songs were recorded.

For me this is such a gem of information which for years all I can find was informal or lack of detail interviews and different articles regarding what is really going on during all of the Beatles' session up to the point when Apple was formed, this book is slowly becoming the bible of audio engineer of all, beginner or pro alike. A must have book in my opinion.

Tran Duy

Friday, July 27, 2007

Balanced audio cables and noises

A balanced audio signal is made up of three parts: one hot (also known as + or send) and one cold wire (also known as - or return), in turn surrounded by the ground wire. The ground is at zero volts, the hot wire contains positive voltages and the cold negative. In an ordinary single ended audio signal there's only two parts: one positive voltage and ground.


In order to work as intended, a single ended (unbalanced) signal must be converted into a balanced. This is done by splitting the signal in two, and let one part go through the hot wire while the other half is phase reversed into a negative mirror image before being sent into the cold wire. After passing through the balanced cable, the balanced signal is converted back in a common-mode rejection circuit (found in a mixer inputs or DI boxes), where the phase of the cold/negative signal is reversed back to normal (positive) before being mixed with the hot/positive signal. Since any noise picked up by the cable will have the same polarity in both the hot and cold signal wires it will cancel itself out when the cold/negative signal is phase reversed back and mixed with the hot/positive.

Balance XLR cable

Connecting balanced and unbalanced equipment

For a balanced cable to work as intended it must be connected between a "sender" circuit, that splits and phase reverses a single ended audio signal, and a "reciever" circuit that first switches the phase of the negative signal back to normal and then mixes it with the positive. If the signal entering a balanced cable is not balanced the cable itself can still be used (if you don't use a common-mode rejection circuit afterwards), but it will take up noise just like any ordinary cable. If an audio signal that's not balanced enters a common-mode rejection circuit (like in a DI box or mixer input) it will be cancelled out.

Balanc TRS (tip-ring-sleeve) or 1/4" cable

If you want to turn a balanced signal into an unbalanced without using a common-mode rejection circuit you can short the cold/negative signal to ground. The resulting audio signal will be a little weaker than normal as it's only made up of the positive signal half.

Got it!

Wednesday, July 25, 2007

Drums compression


It has become part of recording folklore that you should compress the snare and kick drum. But first, you have to know why you are doing it. If you do not know why, then you're never going to get a good result - the sound you achieve will be no more than the work of random chance.

Compressing individual drums vs. the whole drum set

There are two ways you can approach compressing the drum set. One would be to compress individual drums, the other is to compress the drum set as a whole. These will produce entirely different results. You can do both if you wish, but here we shall concentrate on compressing individual drums, principally the snare and kick, but also the toms too.

The sound of drums without compression

A while ago an experiment was carried out where a snare drum was recorded and the recording played back through a PA system. The sound of both the drum itself and the PA were fed to an audio analyzer. Apparently, to reproduce the sound of the drum accurately and maintain the transient (the initial strike) properly, it took 1000 watts of amplifier power.

The reason for this is that the transient, the very first few milliseconds, is VERY loud. The sound dies away quickly after that. So to reproduce the transient accurately, a lot of power is needed. In recording, then the level must be set so that the transient does not exceed 0 dBFS - the full scale level of the system before the red light comes on.

Why drums need compression

The problem now is that the transient is much louder than the 'body' of the sound, as the strike dies away. But the transient is short and does not fully register with the ear. So the drum is actually a lot louder than it sounds. Yes a drum played live sounds loud, but any other instrument played continuously at the level of the peak of the transient would be truly ear-splitting.

If the transient therefore can be made quieter than the body of the sound, overall the strike will sound subjectively louder. Actually, 'louder' is probably not quite the right word for the subjective experience. 'Fuller' or 'more powerful' would be better.

How to set the compressor to make the snare and kick sound fuller and more powerful
Every compressor - every decent one - has a control labeled 'attack'. This is confusing. Anyone new to compressors would think that more attack means a more attacking sound. In fact this control sets the speed at which the compressor responds to a sound. If you set a long attack time, say 100 milliseconds (a tenth of a second), then the transient of the drum would get through before the compressor had time to respond. So to lower the level of the transient, you should set a very short attack time, as low perhaps as just one millisecond.

When compressing individual drums, the attack time is the most important control. The compression ratio can be set to around 4:1 and the release time to 100 milliseconds. Naturally you should experiment with all of these settings.

Problems with a short attack time

One thing is very much for sure, you have to experiment with the attack time. Setting an attack time that is too short will result in a 'flattening' of the sound of the drum. It just doesn't sound natural any more. So you should pay a lot of attention to very small movements of the attack control because these small movements will make a lot of difference.

Differences between the snare drum and the kick drum

The main difference between the snaredrum and the kick drum is that the snare is always a very attacking sound with a sharp transient. The kick is always less attacking, but the degree of attack can vary. If a hard beater is used, then the sound will be attacking. Sometimes a piece of hard plastic is attached to the drum head to emphasize this. But if a soft beater is used, then the sound will not have such an aggressive transient. Either way, the sound can still benefit from compression. But you have to use your ears and fine-tune the settings to get the best results.

Compressing the toms

Toms can also benefit from this type of compression. However the body of the tom sound is louder compared to the transient than in the snare and kick drums. So effectively, the sound is already compressed in comparison to the snare and kick. Therefore, although this style of compression is certainly applicable, generally less compression will be used than for the snare and kick.

Summary and further considerations
What we have learned here is how to reduce the level of the transient compared to the body of the drum sound to make the overall effect fuller and subjectively louder. There are occasions, not covered here, where you might want to emphasize the transient. There is also a significant difference, not covered here, in the way you would approach compression of drums in digital and in analog recording.

Why is it that so many engineers have what I can only describe as almost an abject terror of compression? I have noticed many people that comment on record producer.com seem to take the 1930's view of a compressor as being purely a dynamic crushing tool, and seem to have no knowledge or experience of the power of the compressor as a tool for shaping sound... In this day and age I feel that almost beggars belief...

A drum sound that does not benefit from compression is contradiction in terms. The compressor is the most important tool in a sound engineers arsenal. I would recommend everyone come out of the 1930's and embrace them, otherwise, your work will not stand next to any commercial product made in the digital age...

The Quadrophenia album production was roundly condemned in the 1970's for the amount of compression used. Now everyone does it that way. Why? Because compressed sound reproduction are bigger, clearer, warmer and more powerful...

Compression should be used as needed not a requirement. A musician that knows how to work the microphone may never need compression. Adding compression to their sound will only detract from it.

Microphone placement always depends on the space and instruments. Every venue is different and requires a slightly different setup, but the laws of physics never change. And with more microphones you will have more phase problems and a weaker sound, especially in a small area. No shit right Tung?

Try mixing sound for a Jazz gig. Not only might there be a grand piano but maybe a vibraphone or marimba, etc... Any of these instruments require skillful placement of the microphones to obtain the best sound without picking up too many other sounds. Whatever the gig, solo the vocal microphone and you'll hear the louder instruments on stage through it.

As far as the drummer, I would disagree. Most good drummers tune their kit. They tune the heads to the shells and tune the drums to each other just as a guitarist tunes their strings. Drummers are musicians and know how they want their drum kit to sound. When the sound engineer steps in with his/her idea there is a problem. The sound engineer is not the musician, the drummer is. The sound engineer should work with the drummer to mix the drummers sound with the rest of the musicians. If you have compression and need it, then use it. If you can get by without compression then do so.

Recordings are always different than live reinforcement and require slightly different techniques. The recording environment can be better controlled than a live venue. The laws of physics still apply here. Before using a compressor or changing the EQ, try moving the microphone. I am not discounting the need for compression, just when to use it. If you need to compress/limit the sound so as not to overload your mixer, recorder, computer, etc… then use it only as needed. A compressor is a tool not a requirement.


Digibeatchemist

Tuesday, July 24, 2007

The Neumann Model U 47


The Neumann Model U 47 was the first post-war mic produced by Georg Neumann GmbH in West Berlin. It was designed around a World War II military radio tube with a capsule design from 1929. There were approximately 8,000 U 47s made. It became a bench mark mic in the early fifties, but was expensive at around $400. Engineers found out quickly that the sensitivity of the U 47 greatly enhanced the detail of their recordings.


The U 47 is a popular vocal mic. There were many U 47s and U 48s used for the Beatles recordings. George Martin wrote that it is his favorite microphone. U 47s are pictured in abundance in the Beatles recording studio photos. Their aggressive sound makes them an excellent choice for many rock applications. Drums, guitar amps, and brass instruments shine when sitting behind a U 47.

You can't touch a good used one for less than $5500.00 these day, if you lucky to find one.

Tran Duy

Sunday, July 22, 2007

Em có muốn nghe em hát như thế nào không?...chắc không?

2 cái microphone preamp mà sẻ cho bạn thấy sự thật phủ phàng!


Martin Sound MSS-10 $2000.00 chỉ được có một channel...


Gordon Preamp, $2000.00/channel


Saturday, July 21, 2007

CHẾT TUI RỒI

Thằng Luke mới cho...thằng cà chớn!




Tran Duy

Thursday, July 19, 2007

How the chops got here!

Well things will get real busy again after a weekend of partying so today I got a chance to post as much as I can before I disappear for awhile in deep studio land.

The question is what influenced...Moi?

Fast and short:

First song heard and hooked for good:



...Grew up to these:







...and total got my attention:







...Now living with:





and nothing else!

Digibeatchemist